Kecerdasan Buatan (AI) dalam Pelayanan Publik dan Keputusan Hukum Perspektif Fikih dan Etika Islam

Abstract

This study investigates the legal status and ethical implications of applying Artificial Intelligence (AI) in public and judicial decision-making contexts, including the allocation of social assistance and criminal risk prediction. The rapid global shift toward algorithmic governance raises a pressing need for Muslim societies to establish a fiqh-ethical framework grounded in Islamic legal tradition. Using a qualitative-normative method, the research adopts an Uṣūl al-Fiqh and Islamic Ethics approach with a focus on Istiṣlāḥ (public interest analysis) and the application of core al-Qawāʿid al-Fiqhiyyah (Islamic legal maxims). The findings reveal that the legal status of AI is mubāḥ muqayyad (permissible with conditions), provided that its development and use comply with the maxim Darʾ al-Mafāsid Muqaddamun ʿAlā Jalbi al-Maṣāliḥ (preventing harm takes precedence over obtaining benefit). AI becomes ḥarām li ghayrihi when it generates mafsadah ẓulm (harm through injustice), particularly due to algorithmic bias. The research proposes an Islamic Ethical Framework for Algorithmic Governance built upon three pillars: Equity (bias mitigation), Amānah (independent algorithmic audit), and Masʾūliyyah (human supervisory accountability). The study concludes that AI must serve solely as an instrument (wasīlah), while ultimate legal and public decisions must remain under human authority to safeguard iʿtiqād al-Qāḍī and ensure full accountability.